Particle model of matter Knowledge-Based Download PDF

Questions

1. 1.

   According to the particle model of matter, why does doing mechanical work on a gas by rapidly compressing it cause its temperature to increase?

   • A) Gas particles collide with the inward-moving boundary and rebound with greater speeds, increasing their average kinetic energy.
   • B) Particles are forced closer together, which produces friction between individual gas particles and generates thermal energy.
   • C) Compressing the gas forces particles to form bonds, releasing latent heat into the surrounding gas.
   • D) The reduction in container volume increases the mass of the particles as their density rises.
2. 2.

   According to the particle model of matter, which statement correctly describes a substance at absolute zero (0 K)?

   • A) All attractive forces between the particles completely cease to exist.
   • B) The particles are converted entirely into stored potential energy.
   • C) The particles possess the minimum possible amount of kinetic energy.
   • D) The particles expand until the average separation between them is maximized.
3. 3.

   According to the particle model of matter, why does decreasing the volume of a gas at a constant temperature cause its pressure to increase?

   • A) The individual particles expand in volume and occupy more of the available space.
   • B) The particles gain kinetic energy and move at higher average speeds.
   • C) The particles collide with the container walls more frequently because they have less space to move in.
   • D) The attractive intermolecular forces between the particles turn into strong repulsive forces.
4. 4.

   According to the particle model of matter, why is the specific latent heat of vaporisation of a substance typically much greater than its specific latent heat of fusion?

   • A) Boiling requires chemical bonds within molecules to break, whereas melting only weakens intermolecular forces.
   • B) Particles in a gas vibrate with significantly higher frequencies than particles in a liquid at the same temperature.
   • C) Boiling requires completely separating particles against attractive forces, whereas melting only requires disrupting their fixed positions while keeping them close together.
   • D) Extra thermal energy must be supplied during boiling to create the physical empty space that appears between gas particles.
5. 5.

   According to the particle model of matter, what is found in the spaces between the particles of a pure gas?

   • A) A thin medium of atmospheric air
   • B) A continuous fluid of thermal energy
   • C) Completely empty space containing no other matter
   • D) Microscopic moisture droplets filling the gaps
6. 6.

   According to the particle model of matter, which statement correctly describes the speeds of individual particles in a gas at a constant temperature?

   • A) The particles move in random directions with a wide range of different speeds.
   • B) All particles move at the exact same speed because the temperature is uniform.
   • C) Particles near the center of the container move faster than those near the walls.
   • D) Particles remain at rest until collisions from neighboring particles set them into motion.
7. 7.

   According to the particle model of matter, what causes the erratic, jittery motion observed in microscopic smoke particles suspended in air (Brownian motion)?

   • A) Continuous thermal convection currents circulating within the surrounding air
   • B) Mutual electrostatic repulsion between identically charged smoke particles
   • C) Spontaneous nuclear decay and vibration occurring within the smoke particles
   • D) Continuous, uneven collisions between the smoke particles and invisible air molecules
8. 8.

   According to the particle model of matter, how is the internal energy of a substance defined?

   • A) The sum of the total kinetic energy and total potential energy of all its particles
   • B) The total kinetic energy of its particles minus their total potential energy
   • C) The mean kinetic energy of its particles multiplied by the volume of the substance
   • D) The thermal energy transferred from the substance to its surroundings during a change of state
9. 9.

   According to the particle model of matter, why is the density of a substance significantly lower in its gaseous state than in its liquid state?

   • A) Each individual particle decreases in mass during the transition to a gas.
   • B) Each individual particle expands in volume and becomes inherently lighter.
   • C) The particles disintegrate into smaller fragments during the phase change.
   • D) The average distance between the particles is substantially greater in a gas.
10. 10.

    According to the particle model of matter, which statement explains why a gas completely fills any container into which it is placed?

    • A) Attractive forces between the particles are negligible, allowing them to move independently in all directions.
    • B) Strong repulsive forces between the particles push them apart until they reach the walls.
    • C) Individual gas particles expand in volume to occupy the available space.
    • D) Particles in a gas lose their mass and spread out uniformly as continuous matter.
11. 11.

    According to the particle model of matter, what causes a solid object to expand when it is heated?

    • A) The individual particles increase in volume as they absorb heat.
    • B) The particles vibrate more vigorously and increase their average separation.
    • C) New particles are generated inside the solid by the absorbed thermal energy.
    • D) The attractive forces between particles strengthen and push them into an expanded structure.
12. 12.

    According to the particle model of matter, why does evaporation cause the remaining liquid to decrease in temperature?

    • A) Particles remaining in the liquid transfer their mass to the surrounding atmosphere.
    • B) Escaping gas particles absorb thermal energy directly from the center of the liquid bulk.
    • C) Particles with the highest kinetic energy overcome intermolecular forces and escape, reducing the average kinetic energy of the remaining liquid.
    • D) Attractive forces between the remaining liquid particles become stronger, which causes their motion to stop completely.
13. 13.

    According to the particle model of matter, why does the temperature of a pure substance remain constant during melting, even though it continues to absorb thermal energy?

    • A) The absorbed thermal energy is immediately transferred to the surroundings through radiation.
    • B) The absorbed energy weakens the attractive forces between particles rather than increasing their average kinetic energy.
    • C) The particles cease all motion temporarily while rearranging into a liquid structure.
    • D) The particles expand individually to absorb the heat without altering their speed.
14. 14.

    According to the particle model of matter, which statement best explains why the mass of a substance is conserved during a change of state?

    • A) The volume occupied by the substance remains constant during the transition.
    • B) The strength of the attractive forces between particles stays the same.
    • C) The total number and individual mass of the particles remain unchanged.
    • D) The average kinetic energy and spacing of the particles do not alter.
15. 15.

    According to the particle model of matter, what causes the pressure exerted by a gas on the interior walls of its container?

    • A) The continuous electrostatic repulsion between stationary gas particles and the container walls
    • B) The downward force exerted solely by gravity pulling the gas particles toward the bottom of the container
    • C) The frequent collisions of rapidly moving gas particles with the interior walls of the container
    • D) The expansion and swelling of individual gas particles as they come into contact with the container walls
16. 16.

    According to the particle model of matter, which statement best explains why diffusion occurs in liquids and gases?

    • A) Individual particles expand in volume until they fill all remaining empty space.
    • B) Particles are in continuous, random motion and naturally spread out as they collide.
    • C) Attractive forces between unlike particles pull distant molecules toward empty areas.
    • D) Thermal energy causes particles to split into smaller fragments that drift apart.
17. 17.

    According to the particle model of matter, which statement explains why a solid maintains a definite shape?

    • A) The particles in a solid are completely motionless and possess no kinetic energy.
    • B) The particles in a solid are held together exclusively by strong gravitational forces.
    • C) The particles in a solid expand and fuse into a continuous mass without any gaps.
    • D) Strong attractive forces hold the particles tightly in fixed positions, allowing them only to vibrate.
18. 18.

    According to the particle model of matter, what happens to the particles of a substance as its temperature increases?

    • A) Their individual mass increases, causing the substance to expand.
    • B) They stop vibrating and begin to travel along fixed geometric paths.
    • C) Their average kinetic energy increases, causing them to move faster.
    • D) The attractive forces between them become permanently stronger.
19. 19.

    According to the particle model of matter, which statement explains why gases can be compressed much more easily than solids?

    • A) Individual gas particles are flexible and shrink when external pressure is applied.
    • B) Gas particles are separated by large distances containing empty space.
    • C) Gas particles exert strong attractive forces that actively pull them together.
    • D) Gas particles lose all their kinetic energy and stop moving under compression.
20. 20.

    According to the particle model of matter, which statement correctly describes the arrangement and behavior of particles in a liquid?

    • A) The particles are fixed in a rigid, regular lattice and can only vibrate in place.
    • B) The particles are separated by vast distances and exert negligible attractive forces on one another.
    • C) The particles remain in close contact with each other but are free to slide past one another.
    • D) The particles expand in individual volume to adopt the shape of the container.