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Independent assortment Transitional Reasoning Practice

Biology · Heredity · Biology · Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction

1 Biology practice questions on Independent assortment. Questions that build towards applied reasoning.

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  1. 1.

    A geneticist analyzing an animal with the heterozygous genotype AaBb determines that these two unlinked gene loci reside on separate pairs of non-homologous chromosomes. When tracking individual primary spermatocytes through meiosis without crossing over, each single cell produces four haploid sperm representing only two distinct allele combinations. Which cellular mechanism explains why a large sample of spermatocytes from this individual collectively yields all four gamete genotypes (AB, Ab, aB, and ab) in approximately equal 1:1:1:1 ratios?

    • A) Crossing over between non-sister chromatids during prophase I consistently exchanges alleles between non-homologous chromosomes.
    • B) The random orientation of each homologous chromosome pair along the metaphase I plate occurs independently and with equal likelihood across different meiotic cells.
    • C) Sister chromatids separate randomly toward opposite spindle poles during anaphase II regardless of which chromosome they belong to.
    • D) Replication enzymes duplicate maternal and paternal alleles at different rates during interphase, balancing allele distribution across gametes.

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