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ATP yield and efficiency Original Scenario-Based Practice

Biology · Cellular Energetics · Biology · Cellular Respiration

1 Biology practice questions on ATP yield and efficiency. Questions built around original scenarios.

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  1. 1.

    Astrobiologists aboard an orbital bio-foundry engineer a synthetic extremophile that oxidizes one mole of glucose (ΔG°' = -2870 kJ/mol) completely through aerobic respiration, harvesting 32 moles of ATP per mole of glucose. Under standard experimental conditions, phosphorylating ADP to generate one mole of ATP requires +30.5 kJ/mol. What is the calculated thermodynamic efficiency of ATP generation in this organism, and what fundamental principle explains the fate of the unharvested energy?

    • A) Approximately 14%, because most chemical bond energy is permanently trapped inside residual pyruvate molecules that bypass the citric acid cycle.
    • B) Exactly 100%, because the inner mitochondrial membrane prevents proton leakage and fully couples electron transport to ATP synthase.
    • C) Approximately 68%, because half of the extracted energy remains stored indefinitely in unoxidized NADH cofactors rather than producing ATP.
    • D) Approximately 34%, with the remaining energy released primarily as thermal energy (heat) in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics.

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